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Acerca de este juego Atomic Space CommandAtomic Space Command is a multi-crew co-op/competitive spaceship combat game played in a Solar Arena. Our vision for this game is to make it like when you were a little kid, playing with spaceship toys in your room with your buddies, putting them together and flying them into battles!.NOTE THIS IS A BETA VERSION. We are looking to work with fans to iterate the game and make it super extra awesomesauce! But since it is early days we have a lot of things to fix and improve, so please don't be shy in sharing your thoughts on the Atomic Space Command Steam Discussions.The pricing reflects what we need to keep our small indie dev studio going, so please support us in these early days! FeaturesYou are an Atomic Overlord competing for the coveted Spice Atomic.
Oct 13, 2016 Download Atomic Space Command for Windows PC, Mac, Linux at HammerGamer. Read tips, reviews, compare prices and customer ratings, see screenshots, videos and play games for free! Atomic Space Command.
A runs through a checklist during Global Positioning System satellite operations.The Global Positioning System ( GPS), originally NAVSTAR GPS, is a satellite-based system owned by the government and operated by the. It is one of the (GNSS) that provides and to a anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites.
Obstacles such as mountains and buildings block the relatively weak.The GPS does not require the user to transmit any data, and it operates independently of any telephonic or internet reception, though these technologies can enhance the usefulness of the GPS positioning information. The GPS provides critical positioning capabilities to military, civil, and commercial users around the world. The United States government created the system, maintains it, and makes it freely accessible to anyone with a.The GPS project was started by the in 1973, with the first prototype spacecraft launched in 1978 and the full constellation of 24 satellites operational in 1993. Originally limited to use by the United States military, civilian use was allowed from the 1980s following an executive order from President.
Advances in technology and new demands on the existing system have now led to efforts to modernize the GPS and implement the next generation of satellites and Next Generation Operational Control System (OCX). Announcements from Vice President and the in 1998 initiated these changes. In 2000, the authorized the modernization effort,. During the 1990s, GPS quality was degraded by the United States government in a program called 'Selective Availability'; this was discontinued in May 2000 by a law signed by President.The GPS service is provided by the United States government, which can selectively deny access to the system, as happened to the Indian military in 1999 during the, or degrade the service at any time. As a result, several countries have developed or are in the process of setting up other global or regional satellite navigation systems. The Russian Global Navigation Satellite System was developed contemporaneously with GPS, but suffered from incomplete coverage of the globe until the mid-2000s.
GLONASS can be added to GPS devices, making more satellites available and enabling positions to be fixed more quickly and accurately, to within two meters (6.6 ft). China's began global services in 2018, with full deployment scheduled for 2020.
There are also the European Union, and India's. Japan's (QZSS) is a GNSS to enhance GNSS's accuracy in, with independent of GPS scheduled for 2023.When selective availability was lifted in 2000, GPS had about a five-meter (16 ft) accuracy.
The latest stage of accuracy enhancement uses the L5 band and is now fully deployed. GPS receivers released in 2018 that use the L5 band can have much higher accuracy, pinpointing to within 30 centimeters or 11.8 inches. The GPS project was launched in the United States in 1973 to overcome the limitations of previous navigation systems, integrating ideas from several predecessors, including classified engineering design studies from the 1960s. The developed the system, which originally used 24 satellites.
It was initially developed for use by the United States military and became fully operational in 1995. Civilian use was allowed from the 1980s. Of the, of, and of the are credited with inventing it. Emblem of the.
By December 1993, GPS achieved initial operational capability (IOC), with a full constellation (24 satellites) available and providing the Standard Positioning Service (SPS). Full Operational Capability (FOC) was declared by (AFSPC) in April 1995, signifying full availability of the military's secure Precise Positioning Service (PPS). In 1996, recognizing the importance of GPS to civilian users as well as military users, U.S. Air Force Space Commander presents with an award as she is inducted into the Air Force Space and Missile Pioneers Hall of Fame for her GPS work on Dec. 6, 2018.On February 10, 1993, the selected the GPS Team as winners of the 1992, the US's most prestigious aviation award. This team combines researchers from the, the USAF, the, Corporation, and Federal Systems Company. The citation honors them 'for the most significant development for safe and efficient navigation and surveillance of air and spacecraft since the introduction of navigation 50 years ago.'
Two GPS developers received the for 2003:., emeritus president of and an engineer at the, established the basis for GPS, improving on the land-based radio system called ( Long-range Radio Aid to Navigation)., professor of and at, conceived the present satellite-based system in the early 1960s and developed it in conjunction with the U.S. Parkinson served twenty-one years in the Air Force, from 1957 to 1978, and retired with the rank of colonel.GPS developer received the on February 13, 2006.(Col. USAF, ret.) was inducted into the U.S. Air Force Space and Missile Pioneers Hall of Fame at Lackland A.F.B., San Antonio, Texas, March 2, 2010 for his role in space technology development and the engineering design concept of GPS conducted as part of Project 621B.In 1998, GPS technology was inducted into the.On October 4, 2011, the (IAF) awarded the Global Positioning System (GPS) its 60th Anniversary Award, nominated by IAF member, the American Institute for Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA). This section needs additional citations for. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: – ( March 2015) Fundamentals The GPS concept is based on time and the known position of GPS specialized. The satellites carry very stable that are synchronized with one another and with the ground clocks.
Any drift from time maintained on the ground is corrected daily. In the same manner, the satellite locations are known with great precision. GPS receivers have clocks as well, but they are less stable and less precise.Each GPS satellite continuously transmits a radio signal containing the current time and data about its position.
Since the speed of is constant and independent of the satellite speed, the time delay between when the satellite transmits a signal and the receiver receives it is proportional to the distance from the satellite to the receiver. A GPS receiver monitors multiple satellites and solves equations to determine the precise position of the receiver and its deviation from true time. At a minimum, four satellites must be in view of the receiver for it to compute four unknown quantities (three position coordinates and clock deviation from satellite time).More detailed description Each GPS satellite continually broadcasts a signal ( with ) that includes:. A code (sequence of ones and zeros) that is known to the receiver. By time-aligning a receiver-generated version and the receiver-measured version of the code, the time of arrival (TOA) of a defined point in the code sequence, called an epoch, can be found in the receiver clock time scale. A message that includes the time of transmission (TOT) of the code epoch (in GPS time scale) and the satellite position at that timeConceptually, the receiver measures the TOAs (according to its own clock) of four satellite signals.
From the TOAs and the TOTs, the receiver forms four (TOF) values, which are (given the speed of light) approximately equivalent to receiver-satellite ranges plus time difference between the receiver and GPS satellites multiplied by speed of light, which are called as pseudo-ranges. The receiver then computes its three-dimensional position and clock deviation from the four TOFs.In practice the receiver position (in three dimensional with origin at the Earth's center) and the offset of the receiver clock relative to the GPS time are computed simultaneously, using the to process the TOFs.The receiver's Earth-centered solution location is usually converted to, and height relative to an ellipsoidal Earth model.
The height may then be further converted to height relative to the, which is essentially mean. These coordinates may be displayed, such as on a, or recorded or used by some other system, such as a vehicle guidance system.User-satellite geometry Although usually not formed explicitly in the receiver processing, the conceptual time differences of arrival (TDOAs) define the measurement geometry. Each TDOA corresponds to a of revolution (see ). The line connecting the two satellites involved (and its extensions) forms the axis of the hyperboloid.
The receiver is located at the point where three hyperboloids intersect.It is sometimes incorrectly said that the user location is at the intersection of three spheres. While simpler to visualize, this is the case only if the receiver has a clock synchronized with the satellite clocks (i.e., the receiver measures true ranges to the satellites rather than range differences).
There are marked performance benefits to the user carrying a clock synchronized with the satellites. Foremost is that only three satellites are needed to compute a position solution. If it were an essential part of the GPS concept that all users needed to carry a synchronized clock, a smaller number of satellites could be deployed, but the cost and complexity of the user equipment would increase.Receiver in continuous operation The description above is representative of a receiver start-up situation. Most receivers have a, sometimes called a tracker, that combines sets of satellite measurements collected at different times—in effect, taking advantage of the fact that successive receiver positions are usually close to each other. After a set of measurements are processed, the tracker predicts the receiver location corresponding to the next set of satellite measurements. When the new measurements are collected, the receiver uses a weighting scheme to combine the new measurements with the tracker prediction. In general, a tracker can (a) improve receiver position and time accuracy, (b) reject bad measurements, and (c) estimate receiver speed and direction.The disadvantage of a tracker is that changes in speed or direction can be computed only with a delay, and that derived direction becomes inaccurate when the distance traveled between two position measurements drops below or near the of position measurement.
GPS units can use measurements of the of the signals received to compute velocity accurately. More advanced navigation systems use additional sensors like a or an to complement GPS.Non-navigation applications. For a list of applications, see.GPS requires four or more satellites to be visible for accurate navigation. The solution of the gives the position of the receiver along with the difference between the time kept by the receiver's on-board clock and the true time-of-day, thereby eliminating the need for a more precise and possibly impractical receiver based clock. Applications for GPS such as, traffic signal timing, and, this cheap and highly accurate timing. Some GPS applications use this time for display, or, other than for the basic position calculations, do not use it at all.Although four satellites are required for normal operation, fewer apply in special cases.
If one variable is already known, a receiver can determine its position using only three satellites. For example, a ship or aircraft may have known elevation. Some GPS receivers may use additional clues or assumptions such as reusing the last known, or including information from the vehicle computer, to give a (possibly degraded) position when fewer than four satellites are visible. Structure. This section needs additional citations for. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: – ( March 2015) The current GPS consists of three major segments. These are the space segment, a control segment, and a user segment.
Space Force develops, maintains, and operates the space and control segments. GPS satellites from space, and each GPS receiver uses these signals to calculate its three-dimensional location (latitude, longitude, and altitude) and the current time.
Space segment. A visual example of a 24 satellite GPS constellation in motion with the Earth rotating.
Notice how the number of satellites in view from a given point on the Earth's surface changes with time. The point in this example is in Golden, Colorado, USA ( ).The space segment (SS) is composed of 24 to 32 satellites, or Space Vehicles (SV), in, and also includes the payload adapters to the boosters required to launch them into orbit. The GPS design originally called for 24 SVs, eight each in three approximately circular, but this was modified to six orbital planes with four satellites each. The six orbit planes have approximately 55° (tilt relative to the Earth's ) and are separated by 60° of the (angle along the equator from a reference point to the orbit's intersection).
The is one-half a, i.e., 11 hours and 58 minutes so that the satellites pass over the same locations or almost the same locations every day. The orbits are arranged so that at least six satellites are always within from everywhere on the Earth's surface (see animation at right). The result of this objective is that the four satellites are not evenly spaced (90°) apart within each orbit. In general terms, the angular difference between satellites in each orbit is 30°, 105°, 120°, and 105° apart, which sum to 360°.Orbiting at an altitude of approximately 20,200 km (12,600 mi); orbital radius of approximately 26,600 km (16,500 mi), each SV makes two complete orbits each, repeating the same each day.
This was very helpful during development because even with only four satellites, correct alignment means all four are visible from one spot for a few hours each day. For military operations, the ground track repeat can be used to ensure good coverage in combat zones.As of February 2019, there are 31 satellites in the GPS, 27 of which are in use at a given time with the rest allocated as stand-bys.
A 32nd was launched in 2018. As of July 2019, this last is still in evaluation. More decommissioned satellites are in orbit and available as spares. The additional satellites over 24 improve the precision of GPS receiver calculations by providing redundant measurements. With the increased number of satellites, the constellation was changed to a nonuniform arrangement. Such an arrangement was shown to improve accuracy but also improves reliability and availability of the system, relative to a uniform system, when multiple satellites fail.
With the expanded constellation, nine satellites are usually visible from any point on the ground at any one time, ensuring considerable redundancy over the minimum four satellites needed for a position.Control segment. Ground monitor station used from 1984 to 2007, on display at the.The control segment (CS) is composed of:. a master control station (MCS),. an alternative master control station,. four dedicated ground antennas, and.
six dedicated monitor stations.The MCS can also access U.S. Air Force Satellite Control Network (AFSCN) ground antennas (for additional command and control capability) and NGA monitor stations. The flight paths of the satellites are tracked by dedicated U.S. Space Force monitoring stations in, and, along with shared NGA monitor stations operated in England, Argentina, Ecuador, Bahrain, Australia and Washington DC.
The tracking information is sent to the MCS at 25 km (16 mi) ESE of Colorado Springs, which is operated by the (2 SOPS) of the U.S. Then 2 SOPS contacts each GPS satellite regularly with a navigational update using dedicated or shared (AFSCN) ground antennas (GPS dedicated ground antennas are located at, and ).
These updates synchronize the atomic clocks on board the satellites to within a few of each other, and adjust the of each satellite's internal orbital model. The updates are created by a that uses inputs from the ground monitoring stations, information, and various other inputs.Satellite maneuvers are not precise by GPS standards—so to change a satellite's orbit, the satellite must be marked unhealthy, so receivers don't use it. After the satellite maneuver, engineers track the new orbit from the ground, upload the new ephemeris, and mark the satellite healthy again.The operation control segment (OCS) currently serves as the control segment of record. It provides the operational capability that supports GPS users and keeps the GPS operational and performing within specification.OCS successfully replaced the legacy 1970s-era mainframe computer at Schriever Air Force Base in September 2007. After installation, the system helped enable upgrades and provide a foundation for a new security architecture that supported U.S. Armed forces.OCS will continue to be the ground control system of record until the new segment, Next Generation GPS Operation Control System (OCX), is fully developed and functional.
The new capabilities provided by OCX will be the cornerstone for revolutionizing GPS's mission capabilities, enabling U.S. Space Force to greatly enhance GPS operational services to U.S. Combat forces, civil partners and myriad domestic and international users.
And so you get sacrifice points whenever you want to sacrifice a pygmy and you get different sacrifice points based on whether they go into a volcano, or whether you shock them with lightning. Pocket god 2019. And every time you sacrifice them, the pygmies’ devotion, which is sort of like the energy, gets down. So what we did was we came up with something called sacrifice points.
The GPS OCX program also will reduce cost, schedule and technical risk. It is designed to provide 50% sustainment cost savings through efficient software architecture and Performance-Based Logistics.
The first portable GPS unit, Leica WM 101 displayed at the at.The user segment (US) is composed of hundreds of thousands of U.S. And allied military users of the secure GPS Precise Positioning Service, and tens of millions of civil, commercial and scientific users of the Standard Positioning Service (see ).
In general, GPS receivers are composed of an antenna, tuned to the frequencies transmitted by the satellites, receiver-processors, and a highly stable clock (often a ). They may also include a display for providing location and speed information to the user. A receiver is often described by its number of channels: this signifies how many satellites it can monitor simultaneously. Originally limited to four or five, this has progressively increased over the years so that, as of 2007, receivers typically have between 12 and 20 channels. Though there are many receiver manufacturers, they almost all use one of the chipsets produced for this purpose. A typical GPS receiver with integrated antenna.Many GPS receivers can relay position data to a PC or other device using the protocol. Although this protocol is officially defined by the National Marine Electronics Association (NMEA), references to this protocol have been compiled from public records, allowing open source tools like to read the protocol without violating laws.
Other proprietary protocols exist as well, such as the and protocols. Receivers can interface with other devices using methods including a serial connection, or.Applications. This is mounted on the roof of a hut containing a scientific experiment needing precise timing.Many civilian applications use one or more of GPS's three basic components: absolute location, relative movement, and time transfer.: both positional and data is used in. GPS is also used in both with as well as by professional observatories for finding.: applying location and routes for cars and trucks to function without a human driver.: both civilian and military cartographers use GPS extensively.: clock synchronization enables time transfer, which is critical for synchronizing its spreading codes with other base stations to facilitate inter-cell handoff and support hybrid GPS/cellular position detection for and other applications.
The first launched in the late 1990s. (FCC) mandated the feature in either the handset or in the towers (for use in triangulation) in 2002 so emergency services could locate 911 callers.
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GPS-guided.As of 2009, military GPS applications include:. Navigation: Soldiers use GPS to find objectives, even in the dark or in unfamiliar territory, and to coordinate troop and supply movement. In the United States armed forces, commanders use the Commander's Digital Assistant and lower ranks use the Soldier Digital Assistant. Target tracking: Various military weapons systems use GPS to track potential ground and air targets before flagging them as hostile.
These weapon systems pass target coordinates to to allow them to engage targets accurately. Military aircraft, particularly in roles, use GPS to find targets.
Missile and projectile guidance: GPS allows accurate targeting of various military weapons including,. Embedded GPS receivers able to withstand accelerations of 12,000 or about 118 km/s 2 (260,000 mph/s) have been developed for use in 155-millimeter (6.1 in) shells. Search and rescue. Reconnaissance: Patrol movement can be managed more closely. GPS satellites carry a set of nuclear detonation detectors consisting of an optical sensor called a, an X-ray sensor, a dosimeter, and an electromagnetic pulse (EMP) sensor (W-sensor), that form a major portion of the.
General William Shelton has stated that future satellites may drop this feature to save money.GPS type navigation was first used in war in the, before GPS was fully developed in 1995, to assist to navigate and perform maneuvers in the war. The war also demonstrated the vulnerability of GPS to being, when Iraqi forces installed jamming devices on likely targets that emitted radio noise, disrupting reception of the weak GPS signal.GPS's vulnerability to jamming is a threat that continues to grow as jamming equipment and experience grows. GPS signals have been reported to have been jammed many times over the years for military purposes.
Russia seems to have several objectives for this behavior, such as intimidating neighbors while undermining confidence in their reliance on American systems, promoting their GLONASS alternative, disrupting Western military exercises, and protecting assets from drones. China uses jamming to discourage US surveillance aircraft near the contested. Has mounted several major jamming operations near its border with South Korea and offshore, disrupting flights, shipping and fishing operations. Timekeeping Leap seconds While most clocks derive their time from (UTC), the atomic clocks on the satellites are set to GPS time (GPST; see the page of ). The difference is that GPS time is not corrected to match the rotation of the Earth, so it does not contain or other corrections that are periodically added to UTC.
GPS time was set to match UTC in 1980, but has since diverged. The lack of corrections means that GPS time remains at a constant offset with (TAI) (TAI − GPS = 19 seconds). Periodic corrections are performed to the on-board clocks to keep them synchronized with ground clocks.The GPS navigation message includes the difference between GPS time and UTC.
As of January 2017, GPS time is 18 seconds ahead of UTC because of the leap second added to UTC on December 31, 2016. Receivers subtract this offset from GPS time to calculate UTC and specific timezone values. New GPS units may not show the correct UTC time until after receiving the UTC offset message. The GPS-UTC offset field can accommodate 255 leap seconds (eight bits).Accuracy GPS time is theoretically accurate to about 14 nanoseconds, due to the that atomic clocks experience in GPS transmitters, relative to.
Most receivers lose accuracy in the interpretation of the signals and are only accurate to 100 nanoseconds. Further information:As opposed to the year, month, and day format of the, the GPS date is expressed as a week number and a seconds-into-week number. The week number is transmitted as a ten- field in the C/A and P(Y) navigation messages, and so it becomes zero again every 1,024 weeks (19.6 years). GPS week zero started at 00:00:00 UTC (00:00:19 TAI) on January 6, 1980, and the week number became zero again for the first time at 23:59:47 UTC on August 21, 1999 (00:00:19 TAI on August 22, 1999). It happened the second time at 23:59:42 UTC on April 6, 2019. To determine the current Gregorian date, a GPS receiver must be provided with the approximate date (to within 3,584 days) to correctly translate the GPS date signal. To address this concern in the future the modernized GPS civil navigation (CNAV) message will use a 13-bit field that only repeats every 8,192 weeks (157 years), thus lasting until 2137 (157 years after GPS week zero).Communication.
Main article:The navigational signals transmitted by GPS satellites encode a variety of information including satellite positions, the state of the internal clocks, and the health of the network. These signals are transmitted on two separate carrier frequencies that are common to all satellites in the network. Two different encodings are used: a public encoding that enables lower resolution navigation, and an encrypted encoding used by the U.S. Military.Message format GPS message format SubframesDescription1Satellite clock,GPS time relationship2–3Ephemeris(precise satellite orbit)4–5Almanac component(satellite network synopsis,error correction)Each GPS satellite continuously broadcasts a navigation message on L1 (C/A and P/Y) and L2 (P/Y) frequencies at a rate of 50 bits per second (see ). Each complete message takes 750 seconds (12 1/2 minutes) to complete. The message structure has a basic format of a 1500-bit-long frame made up of five subframes, each subframe being 300 bits (6 seconds) long. Subframes 4 and 5 are 25 times each, so that a complete data message requires the transmission of 25 full frames.
Each subframe consists of ten words, each 30 bits long. Thus, with 300 bits in a subframe times 5 subframes in a frame times 25 frames in a message, each message is 37,500 bits long. At a transmission rate of 50-bit/s, this gives 750 seconds to transmit an entire.
Each 30-second frame begins precisely on the minute or half-minute as indicated by the atomic clock on each satellite.The first subframe of each frame encodes the week number and the time within the week, as well as the data about the health of the satellite. The second and the third subframes contain the – the precise orbit for the satellite. The fourth and fifth subframes contain the almanac, which contains coarse orbit and status information for up to 32 satellites in the constellation as well as data related to error correction. Thus, to obtain an accurate satellite location from this transmitted message, the receiver must demodulate the message from each satellite it includes in its solution for 18 to 30 seconds. To collect all transmitted almanacs, the receiver must demodulate the message for 732 to 750 seconds or 12 1/2 minutes.All satellites broadcast at the same frequencies, encoding signals using unique (CDMA) so receivers can distinguish individual satellites from each other. The system uses two distinct CDMA encoding types: the coarse/acquisition (C/A) code, which is accessible by the general public, and the precise (P(Y)) code, which is encrypted so that only the U.S. Military and other NATO nations who have been given access to the encryption code can access it.The ephemeris is updated every 2 hours and is generally valid for 4 hours, with provisions for updates every 6 hours or longer in non-nominal conditions.
The almanac is updated typically every 24 hours. Additionally, data for a few weeks following is uploaded in case of transmission updates that delay data upload. Demodulating and Decoding GPS Satellite Signals using the Coarse/Acquisition.Because all of the satellite signals are modulated onto the same L1 carrier frequency, the signals must be separated after demodulation. This is done by assigning each satellite a unique binary known as a.
The signals are decoded after demodulation using addition of the Gold codes corresponding to the satellites monitored by the receiver.If the almanac information has previously been acquired, the receiver picks the satellites to listen for by their PRNs, unique numbers in the range 1 through 32. If the almanac information is not in memory, the receiver enters a search mode until a lock is obtained on one of the satellites.
To obtain a lock, it is necessary that there be an unobstructed line of sight from the receiver to the satellite. The receiver can then acquire the almanac and determine the satellites it should listen for. As it detects each satellite's signal, it identifies it by its distinct C/A code pattern. There can be a delay of up to 30 seconds before the first estimate of position because of the need to read the ephemeris data.Processing of the navigation message enables the determination of the time of transmission and the satellite position at this time.
For more information see.Navigation equations. Main article:GPS error analysis examines error sources in GPS results and the expected size of those errors.
GPS makes corrections for receiver clock errors and other effects, but some residual errors remain uncorrected. Error sources include signal arrival time measurements, numerical calculations, atmospheric effects (ionospheric/tropospheric delays), and clock data, multipath signals, and natural and artificial interference. Magnitude of residual errors from these sources depends on geometric dilution of precision.
Artificial errors may result from jamming devices and threaten ships and aircraft or from intentional signal degradation through selective availability, which limited accuracy to ≈ 6–12 m (20–40 ft), but has been switched off since May 1, 2000. Accuracy enhancement and surveying. Comparison of, and, with the and the to scale. The 's orbit is around 9 times as large as geostationary orbit. (In hover over an orbit or its label to highlight it; click to load its article.)Other notable satellite navigation systems in use or various states of development include:. – system deployed and operated by the, initiating global services in 2019.
– a global system being developed by the and other partner countries, which began operation in 2016, and is expected to be fully deployed by 2020. – 's global navigation system. Fully operational worldwide. – A regional navigation system developed by the. – A regional navigation system receivable in the regions, with a focus on.See also.
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